This week we are presenting our Power Point presentations to the class.  These count as a test grade. 

We are also studying acids and bases at the same time.  The test on acids and bases (chapters 15 & 16 in the textbook) will be Monday or Tuesday…May 19/20th. 

For the test you should know…

1. What acids and  bases are including their physical and chemical properties, some examples (names and symbols) and some other basics on the sheet “What are Acids and Bases?”.
2. Arrhenius  and Bronsted Lowry’s definitions for acids and bases (and be able to compare and contrast them.)
3. In the Bronsted Lowry system identify the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base.
4.  Be able to calculate the pH and pOH of a solution given its concentration (molarity) and possible its percent dissociation.
5.  Know the pH scale and be able to identify locations of strong acids, weak acids, neutral, weak bases, and strong bases.

Vocabulary= acid, base, proton, hydrogen ion, hydronium ion, hydroxide ion, alkaline, neutral, indicator, pH scale, salt, neutralized, buffer, amphoteric

The topics of the test will be Colligative Properties (Ch. 14) and Green Chemistry.

Students must…

1. Know how to determine if a substance is soluble or not given the solubility rules.
2. Be able to determine i correctly.
3. Know how to look up k_bp or  k_fp in a table and when to use which.
4. Know how to solve word problems using the equation   DT=mki    to determine how much a melting point or freezing point changes.
5. Be able to distinguish physical properties from chemical properties and physical changes from chemical reactions.
6. Understand that colligative properties depend on the number of pieces (i) and NOT the identity of the substance.
7. Know what Green Chemistry is an what some of its basic principles are.

Vocabulary:

aqueous, colligative, dissociate, electrolyte, precipitate, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, physical property, chemical property, physical change, chemical change, Green Chemistry

We had our second test on Gas Laws (Ch. 11)

• Students had to solve problems using the ideal gas law as well as the combined gas law.

And we had a test on Liquids and Solids (Ch. 12). 

• Students had to be able to interpret a phase diagram and understand the implications of that graph (i.e. pressure, not just temperature affects state)
• Students had to interpret and recreate a heating curve and understand the implications of that graph (added energy does not change the temperature of a substance while it is changing state.)
• Students also had to be able to solve problems involving the molar heat of vaporization and the molar heat of fusion and know when to use which.
• Students must also be able to read a table to find the appropriate molar heat of fusion or molar heat of vaporization for a given substance.
• Vocab for ch. 12= freeze, melt, vaporize, condense, sublimation, deposition, phase diagram, triple point, heating curve, molar heat of fusion, molar heat of vaporization.)

We have one more test left this term next MONDAY (for per. 6 ) or TUESDAY (for per 1 & 4).   It is on Solutions (Ch. 13).  This chapter has a lot of vocabulary and a little math.

• Students must be able to distinguish between a solution and a heterogeneous mixture, and identify a heterogeneous mixture as a colloid or a suspension.
• They should understand that solids tend to be more soluble in warm/hot water and that gases tend to be more soluble in cold water. 
• Students should know that solutions are not just liquids.
• Should be able to calculate molarity (M) .
• Should be able to use the formula M1V1=M2V2 to calculate molarity or volume.
• Students should appreciate how ubiquitous solutions are.
• Vocabulary = solvent, solute, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, colloid, suspension, solubility, solution, molarity (M), dilute, saturated, unsaturated, alloy, precipitate, aqueous.

Binders will be checked for a test grade on  Monday for Period 4, Tuesday for Period 1, and Wednesday for Period 6.

Our second test of the term will be the week after vacation.  Thursday, February 28 for periods 4 and 6 and on Friday, February 29 for period 1.  Students will have to know

• the GAS LAWS–Charles’, Boyle’s, and Gay Lussac’s (distinguish from each other)
• how to mathematically solve problems using the Combined Gas Law
• how to do any conversions to atmospheres, Kelvin, and liters. 
• know what a direct proportion is and an inverse proportion is
• explain the behavior of gases in the real world in terms of Pressure, Volume and Temperature (as we talked about in class when we did the worksheet with the pizza on top.)

Welcome to Term 3!  Our first test of the term will be on Water and polar molecules (end of chapter 6) , Chapter 7 and Chapter 8.  It will be given this Friday, February 8th.

Chapter 7 is about writing and naming formulas and Chapter 8  is about types of reactions and predicting products, so most of this should be review.  You will also study a review sheet for Chapter 7 and one for Chapter 8 that pulls out some other details from the chapters that I want you to know.

Vocabulary (a lot of this is review)=

anion, aqueous, cation, bicarbonate, empirical formula, hydrochloric acid, law of conservation of mass, oxidation number, oxidation state, phosphoric acid, polar, precipitate, product, salt, reactant, reversible reaction, stock system, sulfuric acid….hydrogen bonding, adhesion, cohesion, molar heat of fusion, molar heat of vaporization, universal solvent. 

If you want to tell if a molecule is polar or not draw its structural diagram and label the polarities of all the bonds (pointing toward negative end).  If there is a positive end and a negative end of the molecule then it is polar.  For help/ review try this site:

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/chemistry/Inorganicchemistry/Informationbonding/bondingindex/MoleculePolarity/MoleculePolarity.htm or at the bottom of this page:

http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/chemistry/chapter4section8.rhtml

Students have been given a detailed checklist of what to study for the midyear exam.  We are doing a little reviewing in class but most studying and reviewing should be done at home.

The test is worth 25% of the grade for term 2.

Midyear Exams:

The midyear exam will count 25% (pg 19) of your second term grade.  It will be given on Friday, January 25th and will be the first exam that day (starts 8AM).    Bring a #2 pencil and your calculator.  In class your teacher will tell you which room it will be held in.

 The Rest of the Term…

We will have one more test this term and one computer project (research paper) that will count as a test.  I will also check binders which counts as one more test.  The term ends Tuesday January 22 except for the midyear part of your grade.

The next test will be on Ionic and Covalent Bonding (Chapter 6).  It will be given the last week of the term. 

• Period 6 will take it Monday, January 14.
• Period 4 and Period 1 will take it Wed., January 16. 
• If you are absent for this test you have to make it up by January 18–before the long weekend!

For the test you will need to be able to do the following:

q       Determine if a compound is ionic, polar covalent or non-polar covalent given a chart of electronegativities.

q       Understand the concept of electronegativity.

q       Understand the difference in “sharing” in ionic, polar covalent or non-polar covalent bonds.

q       Name a covalent compound correctly given its formula.

q       Write the formula of a covalent compound correctly given its name.

q       Name ionic compounds correctly as we learned earlier in the year.

q       Know that “molecular compounds” means the same as “covalent compounds”.

q       Draw Lewis Dot diagrams for molecular (covalent) compounds, including compounds that have double or triple bonds. (ex. CO_2, N₂)

q       Be able to give the shape of a molecule (which is tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, trigonal planar, or linear) given only its formula.

q       Be able to determine the shape of a molecule given its formula.

q       Know that the term “VSEPR” refers to a molecule’s geometric shape that results from all the Electrons in the atoms Repelling each other.Know that double and bonds are stronger and hold the atoms closer together than single bonds.

q       Know what the term lone pair refers to.

What to Know About the Periodic Table

1. Know locations of the metals, non-metals and metalloids.
2. Know the physical properties of metals and the properties of nonmetals.
3. Know locations of the s,p,d and f blocks.
4. Know how to find the number of protons, the number of electrons, the number of neutrons and the molar mass of an element.
5. Know the locations of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition metals.
6. Know what groups and families are and what periods are.
7. Know the trends/patterns for increasing electronegativity, increasing ionization energy and increasing atomic radius.
8. Have a good understanding of what these terms mean: electronegativity, increasing ionization energy and increasing atomic radius.
9. Know that Mendeleev was the (Russian) scientist who first saw the patterns of similarity and put the elements in a periodic table.
10. Know how to predict the charge of an atom based on its location in the periodic table.
11. Know how to predict the number of valence electrons an atom has based on its location in the periodic table.
12. Know which two parts of the periodic table combine to form ionic compounds and which two parts combine to form covalent (“molecular”) compounds.

   Vocabulary=

electronegativity,    atomic radius,  ionization energy       

akali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, halogen, noble gas

group, family, column, period, row

ion, cation, anion, isotope

metal, non-metal, metalloid

protons, neutrons, electrons

valence shell

ionic compounds, molecular compounds

Mendeleev

Sorry not much notice on this one!!  Our next test is tomorrow (Thurs.) for period 4 and on Friday for periods 6 and 1.

What do you need to know?

• How to write electron configurations and identify an element given its electron configuration.
• How to do the same using the “Noble Gas Notation” (short cut)
• How to write orbital notations correctly
• What the electron configuration means…(what do s p d and f mean?how many electrons does each orbital hold?how many electrons does the s sublevel hold? the p? the d? the f?)
• How to solve problems involving percent composition. (if you have any trouble it is explained here: http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson58.htm
• Remember what Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr contributed to the model of the atom.

Vocabulary=Hund’s rule, Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, orbital, sublevel, energy level

Here is the PowerPoint that you saw/will see in class: (I don’t really know what all the scissors are about.)

| View | Upload your own

Our first test will be given Thursday (Per.4 and 6) and Friday(Per. 1).  The three topics are Radioactivity, Stoichiometry, and Graphing.  Usually the tests  would be about 1/3 of the credit for each section but on this test I will make the graphing part only about 20% of the test.

• For graphing students must know when to make a line graph and when to make a bar graph, should remember the rules I gave them (especially don’t forget the labelling!)
• For radioactivity there are three readings and then some half-life problems.
• The stoichiometry will be just like you did in class.  I will expect you to label the equations correctly with what you have and what you are looking for but then I don’t care if you use the factor label method at this point.

Vocabulary= alpha particle, beta particle, gamma ray, fission, fusion, atom bomb, hydrogen bomb, radioactive, radioactivity, isotope, half-life.

PS If you look at this site http://www.elfyourself.com/?id=961735319911 and send me back a comment about it to this blog I will give you extra credit on the test. 

Sorry…you missed out on the extra credit AND did not get to see any dancing elf teachers!!!

One week left in the term!! (The last day is next Thursday, Nov.8 which is a half day for kids.)

I am checking 3-ring binders tomorrow (per. 4 and 6) and Friday (per. 1).  The students have a checklist that should be in the front of their binders to tell them what I am looking for!

The last test of the term is Monday (for per. 1) or Tuesday (for periods 4 and 6).

For the last test of the term the students will have to know… 

1. the five types of equations (so including combustion and adding the “no reaction” option to single replacement reactions
2. how to balance equations
3. know what matter is and the vocab. related to matter  This test is the first one with no math at all!! 

Vocabulary=matter, substance, element, compound, solution, mixture, heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture, and combustion.

Our fifth test of the term will be Friday for period 6 and Monday for periods 1 and 4.  (Per. 4 was originally set for Friday but now is moved back a day.)

For the test students have to  

1. know what a chemical reaction is and which kinds of changes are considered chemical reactions and which are not (quiz yourself http://www.quia.com/quiz/303980.html)
2. be able to write chemical equations from words 
3. be able to identify patterns in chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, double replacement, and single replacement) (review: http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/8th/matter/sciber/chemtype.htm
4. be able to predict the products of a chemical reaction given only the reactants. 

Vocabulary= reactant, product, chemical reaction, chemical change, physical change, synthesis, decomposition, double replacement, single replacement

1. Writing Ionic Formulas (“criss-crossing”)…………………………………………. So you must know your polyatomic ions (I will give you their charges but not their names), how to find out the charge an element takes by its location on the Periodic Table, what a Roman numeral means, etc.  You should also be able to name a compound given its formula but that is much easier than the reverse.
2. Solving Mole Problems………………………………………………………… Some problems will use the conversion fact “one mole = whatever-it-says-in-the-Periodic-Table grams” and some problems will use the fact “one mole = 6 x 10 23 molecules“.  Then some problems will use BOTH facts (if you need to convert between grams and molecules).  You will have to show your work using the Factor Label Method as usual.
3. The difference between ionic and covalent compounds and the other vocab. words below

Vocabulary: cation, anion, ionic, covalent bond, ionic bond, metal, non-metal, metalloid, malleable, ductile and brittle.

(To review these words click on the link below.) http://web.buddyproject.org/web017/web017/metals.html

Our third test of the term will be on Tuesday for Period 6 and and on Wednesday for periods 1 and 4.  (Note that Monday is a professional development day so no school for kids.)

For the test the things to know are…

• How to solve problems involving “molar mass”.
• How to round your answers to the correct number of digits.
• Scientific notation (writing in , changing from, and how to do with your calculator.)
• The basic parts of the periodic table.
• The atom notes including how to figure out protons, electrons and neutrons.
• The contributions of the 4 scientists Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr.
• The notes from the book that you took on a worksheet.

Vocabulary= alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, metals, non-metals, metalloids, group, family, column, period, row, proton, electron, neutron, ion, isotope, atomic number, molar mass, Dalton, Thomsoon, Rutherford, Bohr.

Our second test will be on Wednesday for Period 1 and on Thursday for Periods 4 and 6.

Students must know…

• The Metric System (Estimating measurements and the facts for converting between meters, km, cm, mm, L, mL, g and mg)
• Using the Factor Label Method (also sometimes called “Dimensional Analysis”)
• Rounding (Significant Digits)
• The Element Symbols for the 40 or so elements given.
• Class notes/vocabulary.

To test yourself on the elements try these links

http://www.funbrain.com/cgi-bin/pt.cgi?A1=s&A2=2&ACOMMON=1&submit=Play+Proton+Don

http://www.funbrain.com/cgi-bin/pt.cgi?A1=s&A2=1&ACOMMON=1&submit=Play+Proton+Don

 If you want to contact me do not leave a reply here but email me at ASheffield@norwood.k12.ma.us.  Parents could call but it is very difficult for us to get access to a telephone.

Students should also know what a redox reaction is, how to deduce oxidation numbers, and be able to identify what is getting oxidized and what is getting reduced in a chemical reaction.

Vocabulary=reduction, oxidation, redox, equilibrium, Haber process

 All make up work must be completed by Monday after school.   The MCAS is Tuesday and Wednesday.  After that we will do a computer project and some fun labs.  Our final will be held Friday, June 15 at 8:00 AM.  The final exam will count for 25% of the term 4 grade!!!

This will probably be my last blog entry of the year….have a great summer!!!

For the test students have to know how to write equations, how to balance equations, and must dentify types of equations to determine the products (or conclude that no reaction occurs.) They must also review Radiation and Mole Problems.

Vocabulary= alpha, beta, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonia, zinc, silver.

The kids already know this but I wanted to let you know a little information about the science MCAS.  All the sophomores taking chemistry will take the MCAS in chemistry on June 5th and 6th.  All freshmen will also be taking the science MCAS this year.
This year’s freshmen have to pass the test in order to graduate.  The sophomores do not have to pass it to graduate but should realize that it is no longer an experimental/practice test like it was last year!! Each student will receive a valid score which will go on file with the student’s record and transcript.
In the past MCAS scores have been used for scholarships and other purposes despite the fact that students were not told ahead of time that this would be the case.*  In light of this I would recommend every student do as well as possible on this exam without stressing too much about it. 

If parents have any questions about the science MCAS please feel free to contact me, the science department head (Mr. Paul Betz) or your guidance counselor.

*In 2004 the Adams Scholarships (providing free tuition for up to four years at any public higher education institution in the Commonwealth) were announced and awarded a year and a half AFTER students took the MCAS!!

On Friday is our second big test of the term (although we also had a vocabulary test that counts less).  This test is on

What Makes Chemical Reactions Happen?(Chapter 17:  Entropy and Enthalpy).

Students should be able to :

• Understand the concepts of enthalpy and entropy and know how they relate to the likelihood of a chemical reaction occurring.
• Use a graph, chemical equation or given value for Delta H to find out the change in enthalpy for a chemical reaction.
• Use a chemical reaction or given value for Delta S to find the change in entropy in a chemical reaction.
• Be able to tell if a chemical reaction will happen spontaneously or not based on the values of Delta H and Delta S. 
• Be able to calculate the Gibbs free energy (given the equation DG=DH-TDS )  and use that value to determine whether a reaction will occur or not at that temperature.

Vocabulary= enthalpy, entropy, exothermic, endothermic, delta, Gibbs, Second Law of Thermodynamics, catalyst, and activation energy.